In 1962, President John Kennedy issued Executive Order 10988, paving the way for federal workers to organize and bargain collectively.
Few knew then the far-reaching effects of that order.
During the ’60s and ’70s, states and cities followed with a flood of laws granting state and local public employees collective-bargaining rights. These laws required government employers to negotiate with unions regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. They also required nonmembers to pay so-called “agency fees” to the union for its representation.
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